Beautiful Old Spanish Song, Used To Be Very Popular In New Mexico

Listen to the beautiful song first:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQTyW0fhj98&feature=share

Este joven a un olivo quiso subir a cortar una rama, pero con tan mala suerte que del olivo cayó. Una niña morena por allí pasó y al niño ayudo.

Al olivo, al olivo, 
al olivo subì. 
Por cortar una rama 
del olivo caí. 
Del olivo caí, 
quién me levantará? 
Una niña morena 
que la mano me da. 
Que la mano me da, 
que la mano me dio, 
una niña morena 
es la que quiero yo. 
Es la que he de querer, 
una niña morena, 
ha de ser mi mujer. 
Ha de ser y será 
esa niña morena 
que la mano me da.

New Mexico Population Numbers, Past and Present.

In 1793 the count of New Mexicans according to the viceregal archives* was 30,953. A pretty precise number without any breakdown in numbers. The figure does contain the numbers of Pueblo Indians but no numbers for the "wild tribes".

In 1810 Fernando Navarro* placed the population of New Mexico at 34,205. He broke down the total to 20 priests, 10,557 Indians (Pueblo) and 23,628 "castas" or people of mixed breeds no pure Spaniards were noted. This figure does not contain numbers associated with "los Indios Barbaros"

1846 - 45,000 Estimated at the time the Americans conquered and occupied the area. This estimate would include the Pueblo Indians.

The numbers used above include the historical pre American New Mexican population. This includes the El Paso/Juarez area.

1850 - 61,547* "The Census of 1850 was the first taken by the United States in New Mexico, and not notable for its accuracy in regards to New Mexico". These numbers do not include the El Paso area nor any area in southern New Mexico later purchased as a result of the Gadason Purchase.The breakdown here is as follows:

1. Born in New Mexico, 58,145 - Includes Pueblo Indians but not the "wild tribes".
2. Born elsewhere in the United States, 722
3. Foreign born, 2,151
4. Place of birth unknown, 209

**"Despite the fact that the state usually leads the country in birth rate, The recent large growth must be attributed to migration into New Mexico. This influx has lessened the relative importance of the Spanish and the Indian populations, the distinct ethnic groups within the state."

The population trends 1498 - 1846, the year of the coming of the Americans, a period of 248 years show or would otherwise indicate a rise in the number of Hispanos, a decline in the Pueblos and a sharp rise in the wild tribes. The Hispanos would have risen from zero to whatever was here when the Americans annexed the province. The Pueblos were decimated by European disease, the Spanish themselvs and the constant harassment and warfare with the wild tribes. The wild tribes benefited  from new technologies, new food sources and most of all, the introduction of the horse.

The population trends 1846 - 2010, The American period has seen an overall population increase for each of the groups. Hispanos have increased but became less, percentage wise, the same goes for the Pueblos and the "wild tribes". The non Hispanic non Indian (Anglo) population has increased dramatically, from near zero to what it is today at 40.5% of the total. The state was denied statehood until it was ascertained that the Anglo's were in the majority or able to ensure victory at elections.

* Refer to the book titled "New Mexico in 1850: A Military View written by Colonel George Archibald McCall and published by the University of Oklahoma Press at Norman, Oklahoma.

** Refer to the book "New Mexico, A History of Four Centuries," authored by Warren A. Beck and published by the University of Oklahoma Press in 1962.

Que Descanse en Paz

Click on the image to make it larger

La Sra. Ida Garcia was a true heroine of all New Mexicans. May she rest in peace.

El Principe De Los Comancheros, Jose Piedad Tafoya

Jose Piedad Tafoya was the main Comanchero of all time, trading with the Comanche and Kiowa Indians on the Llano (the Staked Plains) of Western Texas and Eastern New Mexico. As usual when reading about New Mexicans operatiing in Texas we need to be careful with the history as documented by Texans. At the top of the list to be careful of is the hatred of Texans of anything New Mexican and that is especially of Hispano New Mexicans. Second is the Texan habit of embellishing their role and playing down that of any others. Also the "hero" complex that Texan Historians attribute to all things Texan. These things have tainted Texas history from the beginning, it has cost most Texas historians their credibility.

The best source I have found is listed below, The edition should be available at your library, if not ask for an ILL (Inter Library Loan):

Reference pages 39 - 68 of Volume 81, Number 1, Winter 2006 of the publication New Mexico Historical Review. The article  titled "Comanchero, Jose Piedad Tafoya, 1834 - 1913" written by former New Mexico Historic Preservation Officer Thomas Merlan and Dirictor of the Palace of the Governors In Santa Fe, New Mexico Francis Levine. The article generally documents Comanchero activities as well as specifically activities of Jose Piadad Tafoya.

Here is some genealogical information on Jose Piead Tafoya, what is known of his marriages and offspring are highlighted in blue:

Modified Register for Antonio Tafoya

First Generation

1. Antonio Tafoya  was born in New Mexico.

Antonio married Maria Guadalupe Varela . Maria was born in New Mexico.

They had the following children:

+ 2 M i. Jose Calletano Tafoya  was born in 1813.

Second Generation

2. Jose Calletano Tafoya  (Antonio) was born in 1813 in New Mexico.

Jose married Maria Encarnacion Herrera  daughter of Jose de Herrera and Maria Gertrudes Gallegos. Maria was born in 1817 in New Mexico.

They had the following children:

3 F i. Maria Peregrina Tafoya  was born on 16 Sep 1830 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico. She was christened on 10 Oct 1830 in New Mexico.

+ 4 M ii. Jose Piedad Tafoya  was christened on 4 Apr 1834.

+ 5 F iii. Juana Maria Climaca Tafoya  was christened on 29 Mar 1839.

6 M iv. Jose Trinidad Tafoya  was born on 8 Jun 1841 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico. He was christened on 10 Jun 1841 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico.

+ 7 M v. Jose Alfonso Tafoya  was born on 27 Jan 1844.

8 F vi. Maria Andrea Tafoya  was born on 17 Jul 1846 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico. She was christened on 18 Jul 1846 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico.
Maria married Narciso Ortega  on 26 Oct 1863 in Anton Chico, New Mexico. Narciso was born in New Mexico.

+ 9 M vii. Jose Reducindo Tafoya  was born on 5 Mar 1851.

10 M viii. Jose Victoriano Tafoya  was born on 21 Sep 1854 in Questa (Villanueva) New Mexico. He was christened on 24 Sep 1854 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico.
Jose married Damasia Martín  on 17 Feb 1876 in Anton Chico, New Mexico. Damasia was born in New Mexico.

+ 11 F ix. Reducinda Tafoya .

+ 12 M x. Isidro Tafoya  was born in Dec 1859. He died on 24 Aug 1942.

Third Generation

4. Jose Piedad Tafoya  (Jose Calletano, Antonio) was born in La Cuesta (Villanueva), New Mexico. He was christened on 4 Apr 1834 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico. 

Jose married (1) Maria de Jesus Perez  on 20 Apr 1863 in Anton Chico, New Mexico. Maria was born in New Mexico. She was buried in 1871 in Chaperito, New Mexico. 

They had the following children:

13 M i. Juan Bautista Shepard (Tafoya)  was born on 11 Dec 1854 in New Mexico. He was christened on 4 Jan 1855 in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Juan Bautista Tafoya was adopted by Jose Piedad when he married their mother. Juan Bautista's biological father was Julian Shepard.

14 M ii. Jose de la Cruz Shepard (Tafoya)  was born on 21 Oct 1858 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.  Jose de la Cruz Tafoya was adopted by Jose Piedad when he married their mother. Jose de la Cruz's biological father was Julian Shepard.

Jose married (2) Teresa Gonzales y Baca, a 21 year old mother of three in 1886 or 1892 depending which source you agree with in New Mexico. Teresa was born in Nov 1868 in New Mexico. 

5. Juana Maria Climaca Tafoya  (Jose Calletano, Antonio) was christened on 29 Mar 1839 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico.

She had the following children:

15 M i. Ruperto Tafoya  was christened on 11 Apr 1858 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.

7. Jose Alfonso Tafoya  (Jose Calletano, Antonio) was born on 27 Jan 1844 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico. He was christened on 28 Jan 1844 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico.

Jose married (1) Ramona Alari  on 13 Nov 1865 in Anton Chico, New Mexico. Ramona was born in New Mexico.

They had the following children:

16 M i. Jose Francisco Tafoya  was born in Chaperito, New Mexico. He was christened on 23 Sep 1867 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.

17 M ii. Canuto Tafoya  was born in Chaperito, New Mexico. He was christened on 24 Jan 1870 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.


Jose married (2) Isadora Aragon  on 23 Sep 1872 in Anton Chico, New Mexico. Isadora was born on 15 Apr 1859 in Chaperito, New Mexico. She was christened on 16 Apr 1859 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.

They had the following children:

18 F iii. Maria Felicita Tafoya  was christened on 12 Dec 1873 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.

19 M iv. Eduardo Tafoya  was christened on 10 Dec 1886 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.

9. Jose Reducindo Tafoya  (Jose Calletano, Antonio) was born on 5 Mar 1851 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico. He was christened on 24 Mar 1851 in San Miguel del Bado, New Mexico.

Jose married Cesaria Marquez  on 17 Apr 1871 in Anton Chico, New Mexico. Cesaria was born in New Mexico.

They had the following children:

20 F i. Maria Tafoya  was christened on 1 May 1875 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.

11. Reducinda Tafoya  (Jose Calletano, Antonio).

She had the following children:

21 F i. Emiliana Tafoya  was christened on 31 Aug 1872 in Anton Chico, New Mexico.

12. Isidro Tafoya  (Jose Calletano, Antonio) was born in Dec 1859 in New Mexico. He died on 24 Aug 1942 in New Mexico.

Isidro married Susana Apodaca . Susana was born in 1858 in New Mexico.

They had the following children:

22 M i. Candido Tafoya  was born in Jul 1885 in New Mexico.

23 M ii. Procopio Tafoya  was born in Jun 1888 in New Mexico.

24 F iii. Ana Tafoya  was born in Feb 1892 in New Mexico.

25 F iv. Sinforosa Tafoya  was born on 7 Oct 1899 in New Mexico. She died on 15 Jan 1995 in Denver, Colorado. She was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, Wheatridge, Colorado.

Sinforosa married Francisco Arellanes  son of Florencio Arellanes and Maria Juana Lopez. Francisco was born on 4 Nov 1888 in Chaperito, New Mexico. He was christened on 12 Nov 1888 in Our Lady of Sorrows, Las Vegas, New Mexico. He died on 19 Jul 1981 in Denver, Colorado.

For some interesting "stuff" click on the links below, just remember that Jose Piedad Tafoya was THE Comanchero.:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_pLleIU41A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hC2gThsfTqg

Note: Google "Jose Piedad Tafoya" for an enlightening story of an amazing man. For the real story, refer to the New Mexico Historical Review mentioned above.

One More Post On Pervasive Racism In Territorial New Mexico

Anna Mary McKee (June 9,1865 - January 7, 1948) A Presbyterian Home Missionary in Mora and Taos, New Mexico in 1884 and 1885 was probably the very best example of overt and covert racism by Americans who came to New Mexico after the American annexation of the province. This was from an educated, religious, young woman sent here to teach with the expectation of converting her New Mexican students from Catholicism to Presbyterians.

The racism was so prevalent and extensive that it was normal for Americans to feel the way they did against what they saw as inferior Mexicans whom they identified as "greasers". It was not uncommon, it was the rule rather than the exception to be racist. Americans only hid these feelings when addressing New Mexicans, not when talking to or otherwise communicating with each other.

Anna Mary McKee would write letters back home about her experiences in New Mexico. The letters reflect the deep seated racism amongst "Americans" in New Mexico at the time. The racism was not something they acquired when they got to New Mexico, it was a racism that they bought with them from the "states".

A prime example, and there are many in her letters, is the wedding of one of her pupils, Jose Blas Salazar the son of Jose Rafael Salazar and Maria Josefa Espinosa with Elisa Struck, the daughter of George David Struck and Maria Josefa Mondragon in Taos on December 31, 1884. Reference the quotes below on the marriage invitation and marriage ceremony:

"Our oldest scholar was to be married and we had received invitation in Spanish. His name is Senor Blas Salazar and his bride is Senorita Luisa Strock. We dressed in our best "bib and tucker" and went. We nearly expired, the whole affair was too ludicrous for anything. As good as a circus, indeed much better. The bride, a perfect beauty really, was dressed too absurdly for anything. She wore white jewelry and a long veil but was bedecked with bows and crimson flowers. We went to the house, the groom came down from the ball room to receive us, for you know it is an immense honor for Americans to attend their fandango's."

"The house had only a mud floor and the tables had no cloth, our wine was served in black bottles, one at each plate. Alice and I congratulated Blas and he answered our speech with an "all right". You may believe we had hard work to keep from laughing in his face."

Another example from another letter:

"In Mora the priest charged a poor man $25 for saying mass for the soul of his favorite mule which had died and, as the priest said, was suffering in Purgatory. The priest actually stood in the doors of the corrals and baptized the sheep, hogs and other animals".

And yet some more"

"Speaking of the "Greaser", let me tell you something about him. To begin with, he evidently endeavors to adapt himself to his surroundings and render himself as inconspicuous as possible, his garments are mud colored and he lives in a mud house. The Greaser has a constitutional aversion to water and seems to take a special delight in dirt. The most impressive about him, except his costume, is his odor, Words fail me."

The image she paints of herself in these letters to her parents is that of a first class hypocrite religious self righteous racist. And we must take into account that there letters were written to her father, William B. McKee, a Presbyterian minister and to her mother. She came voluntarily to teach and convert New Mexicans, Mexican Greasers were the primary targets of these educational and conversion efforts on the part of Eastern missionaries who flocked to New Mexico after the 1846 invasion and occupation by the Americans.

The quotes come from the New Mexico Historical Review, Volume 79, Number 1, Winter 2004. The article is titled "I Feel as if I Were on Some Other Planet" The New Mexico Correspondence of Presbyterian Missionary Anna Mary McKee, 1884 - 1885. The article is written by Les Valentine the University Archivist at the University Library of the University of Nebraska at Omaha.

Nun who stood up to Billy the Kid faces sainthood test. Some "Cowboy History Included".

Note: It has been proven that she could not have "faced down" Billy the Kid. Anyway, the information below comes from the Santa Fe, New Mexican. It proves the cowboy history folks like to believe, and former Santa Fe Archbishop Michael Sheehan who is the one who started this effort seems to be just another cowboy wannabe.

Sister Blandinas 1948 book "At the End of The Santa Fe Trail" published by the Bruce Publishing Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin is a book mostly about Sister Blandina's writings back east to her sister. She never intended them to be published, at least it does not seem so. Personally I think she wanted to make her life appear interesting to her sister and embellished her "heroic" accounts.  

If they make her a saint, so be it. But she liked to exaggerate her accomplishments to the folks she wrote the letters which are the basis of her book. But even I, have to admit that is does make for interesting reading...... 

        Posted: Tuesday, August 25, 2015 3:18 pm | Updated: 4:50 pm, Tue Aug 25, 2015.

 Associated Press 

ALBUQUERQUE — An Italian-born nun who confronted Billy the Kid, calmed angry mobs and helped open New Mexico territory hospitals and schools faced her first test for the long road to sainthood on Tuesday.

Supporters and researchers presented their case before the Archdiocese of Santa Fe at a ceremonial "first inquiry" in Albuquerque on why Sister Blandina Segale should become a saint. The public inquiry, headed by former Archbishop Michael Sheehan, was aimed at determining if there was enough evidence to move her case through the largely secret process at the Vatican. Witnesses said Segale fought against the cruel treatment of American Indians and sought to stop the trafficking of women as sex slaves. They also testified that in death, Segale has helped cancer patients and poor immigrants who have prayed to her for help.

Victoria Marie Forde of the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati said documents showed Segale went out of her way to provide assistance to Italian-American immigrants and protect Mexican Americans facing violence in western territories.

"Sister Blandina as a canonized saint will lead and strengthen thousands of others to see that they, too, can fight injustice with compassion and untiring ingenuity," she said.

Last year, the archdiocese received permission from the Vatican to open her sainthood cause. It's the first time in New Mexico's 400-year history with the Roman Catholic Church that a decree opening the cause of beatification and canonization has been declared in the state, church officials said.
Segale, a nun with the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati, came to Trinidad, Colorado, in 1877 to teach poor children and was later transferred to Santa Fe, where she co-founded public and Catholic schools.

During her time in New Mexico, she worked with the poor, the sick and immigrants. She also advocated on behalf of Hispanics and Native Americans who were losing their land to swindlers.
Her encounters with Old West outlaws later became the stuff of legend and were the subject of an episode of the CBS series "Death Valley Days." The episode, called "The Fastest Nun in the West," focused on her efforts to save a man from a lynch mob.

But her encounters with Billy the Kid remain among her most popular and well-known Western frontier adventures.

According to one story, she received a tip that The Kid was coming to her town to scalp the four doctors who refused to treat his friend's gunshot wound. Segale nursed the friend to health, and when Billy went to Trinidad to thank her, she asked him to abandon his violent plan. He agreed.
Tales she wrote in letters to her sister later became the book "At the End of the Santa Fe Trail."
Peco Chavez, a lawyer who investigated historic claims about Segale stopping a mob attack, said he found evidence the event occurred, but documents couldn't verify if Segale intervened.
"But she was in Trinidad at that time," he said.

Later, Segale founded St. Joseph's Hospital in Albuquerque before returning to Cincinnati in 1897 to start Santa Maria Institute, which served recent immigrants.

Her work resonates today, with poverty, immigration and child care still being high-profile issues, said Allen Sanchez, president and CEO for CHI St. Joseph's Children in Albuquerque, a social service agency Segale founded.

Officials say determining whether Segale qualifies for sainthood could take up to a century. The Vatican has to investigate her work and monitor for any related "miracles."
Those miracles could come in the form of healings, assistance to immigrant children detained at the U.S. border or some other unexplained occurrences after devotees pray to her, officials said.

Nombres En Nuevo Mejico Y La Sagrada Familia

There were numerous individuals named Jesus Maria y Jose, many of them, in the historical period in New Mexico. There were others named Jose Maria, Jesus Maria, Jose Jesus and Jesus Jose. This is not to mention that about 30% of the males, me included, has the name Jose attached, almost like a title instead of a name. The women had Maria attached the same way the men had Jose. There were many Jesusas, Maria Jesusas and Jesusa Maria's as well as Josefa and Josefina's and Maria Josefina's and Jesusa Josefa's.... You get the picture..


When the Americans got here in force, after the American conquest and occupation of the province they were surprised and disgusted that so many "debased" (their words) individuals would be given these names, especially when it seemed to the Americans that everyone had one name or the other. Their disgust with the names comes across real clear when you read the history. They did not appreciate our ancestors devotion to the Holy Family, especially the "Savior's" name itself. On occasion a criminal would show up with one of these names that the Americans found sacrilegious. That would get the writers of history all in a tizzy.


Sort of funny when we look back at it. At the time it was not so funny, especially when it would get the Americans to writing their real thoughts about our ancestors.


Reminds me of the bumper sticker with different meanings for Spanish speakers and American Christians. JESUS SAVES and JESUS SAVE are almost identical and in Spanish America everyone wants to know what Jesus knows.

Those Who Passed Away in Abluquerque! One Days Obituaries. Changed Demographics, Again!

New Mexico, born and raised - Our state bird

From the Albuquerque Journal on August 15, 2015;

1) Bachis - Born in Albuquerque, his mother was a Hispanic New Mexican.
2) Burke - No indication of place of birth nor parents.
3) Durbin-Gonzales - Born in Denver, Colorado and married to a Hispanic, New Mexican.
4) Mora - No indication of where she was born or who her parents were, my guess is she married a local guy named Mora otherwise her New Mexican family would be noted.
5) Morrison - No indication of where he was born or who his parents were,
6) Myers - Lived in Albuquerque at the time he passed away.
7) Rowden - Lived in Albuquerque at the time he passed away.
8) Thomson - Lived in New Mexico and was originally from Port Chester, New York.
9) Wiska - Born in Chicago, Illinois in 1929.
10) Zak - Born in 1938 in Brooklyn, New York.

I find it odd that only individual No. 1, Mr. Bachis has a mother that was native to New Mexico while No. 3, Mrs. Durbin-Gonzales and No. 4, Mrs Mora appear to have been from somewhere else and married New Mexicans.

Aside of the fact that Mr. Bachis is the only one with any roots in New Mexico at all it is also interesting to note that not a single New Mexican born, 100% New Mexican passed away and/or had an obituary in the Albuquerque Journal today.

Now before anyone accuses me of racism or something else let me state that while my ancestors were all from New Mexico, I personally was born in Denver, Colorado and am married to a foreigner, at least foreigner as far as being from New Mexico goes.

Unusual Terms in New Mexican Baptismal Records

Padres, no conosidos - Unknown parents.... It is hard for me to believe that an infant of unknown parentage would be baptized. It could be that the parents were known and the priest was trying to protect the parents. But it was not unheard of for this term to be used for children abandoned at the church for whatever reason. Sort of like "hijo de la iglesia" listed below.

*Espuestos - That some of the "espuestos" were indeed "foundlings", and possibly the victims of poverty, is certainly not excluded. Undoubtedly some of the so called "espuestos" were children of captive Indian women fathered by their masters or older household members. Because of the local social stigma associated with illegitimacy it is likely that in most instances some of these vague terms were used euphemistically. It served to keep illegitimacy managable, especially in church records.

Hijo(a) Espurio(a) - Bastard child of.... The archaic term  Espurio(a) literally means bastard. Usually used when the mother of the bastard child was identified.

Hijo(a) Natural - Nicer way of saying bastard child of..... The same meaning as espurio(a) except it has a softer ring after the centuries.

Hijo(a) ligitimo(a) - Legitimate child of......

De la nacion de "_______" - Belonging to the Indian nation of..... This tern was used when baptizing Indians of known backgrounds. When the Spanish priest knew where the Indian child came from. Indian children were commonly integrated into Hispanic New Mexican households.

Hijo(a) de la Iglesia - Son or daughter of the church..... Who knows what this meant. Does not necessarily mean a priesthood holder had to be the father. It could simply mean the child was raised by the church. Often times when they would be abandoned or left in care of the church. Although every now and then it was common for church leaders to have children out of wedlock like the case with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.

Hijo(a) de "Gaspar" y "Rosa", No last name given - Son or daughter of Gaspar and Rosa with no last name given for the parents...... These children were, in most cases, children of Indians who for one reason or another did not have last names. In most cases the Indian child being baptized would be assigned the last name of the "padrino".

*NOTE: Some information comes from the New Mexico Historical Review, Volume 70, July 1995, Number 5. An article there titled " Analysis of Deaths in New Mexico's Rio Abajo during the late Spanish Colonial and Mexican Periods, 1793 - 1846 written by Oswaldo G. Baca.

Being A Spy In New Mexico During the Mexican/Fur Trapper Era, 1820 - 1846.

It was easy, very easy. Mexico in general and New Mexico in particular were easy targets, easy to spy against and easy and ready to be invaded.  There were a lot of spies. Most all of the "fur trappers" from the "states" were spies passing information back to the authorities in the United States, either personally during visits back or in many other ways. Some, if not all, of the traders associated with the "Santa Fe Trade" were also spies. How do we tell who were the trappers? Who were spies? Read the accounts of the folks who came with the Army of the West. Read some of the accounts of the trappers themselves, that is if they could read or write, which most could not. They were every bit as ignorant and unschooled and uneducated as those they were spying on, probably more so.

Christopher "Kit" Carson,
Samuel Magoffin,
Richens "Uncle Dick" Wooten,
"Governor" Charles Bent

The list of spies is actually quite large, I could go on and on. The spies included some of our New Mexican ancestors, the Oteros being the best example. Many of these spies were headquartered in Taos and they did pay the price for their treachery against New Mexico. The names of some are etched in history as some of the political appointees in the aftermath of the occupation and prior to the rebellion by the folks in Taos.

Bent's Fort just over the Arkansas River in what is now Colorado was a nest of spies, spying against New Mexico and also against the Indians. But that is another story altogether.

These spies were spying for the Unites States, it  really does not matter how a person looks at the conquering, occupation and annexation of the New Mexican province by the United States in 1846. It does not matter if, in retrospect, you agree or disagree with it, it does not matter if you think it was a good thing or a bad thing and it does not matter if you think it was a moral or immoral thing for the United States to annex the province.

The bottom line is that these folks mentioned were spies pretending to be friends of the Mexican Republic and New Mexicans. Some were even married to Hispanic New Mexican women, some were Mexican citizens and others even converted to the Catholic faith as part of their "cover". Christopher "Kit" Carson is THE prime example.

There were non New Mexicans, mostly German and French, in the province who were not spies, but very few of them. Maybe one or two of the American trappers were not carrying information back to the "states".

In all reality these folks were spies. Spies with a capitol S. As such, it really all depends on how you feel about spies, sneaks and outright liars. I imagine there are many things that come into play when looking at the subject.